VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Vitamin and mineral deficiency diseases, even in industrialized nations, such as the United States, were relatively common prior to World War II. Today, with the fortification of the food supply and the widespread use of multivitamins, classical vitamin deficiency diseases, such as scurvy and rickets, are rare except in the case of:

·         Specific disease states.

·         Drug effects on vitamins.

·         Extreme malnutrition due to poverty.

On a global basis, vitamin deficiencies still occur in many large countries, such as India and China, in both rural and urban populations. What can be classified as suboptimal intake of some vitamins, such as vitamin D in areas of low-sun exposure, is a more recently discovered and important area of vitamin deficiency, where supplementation is being recommended by authorities in the field.

Establishing RDA Levels
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is normally issued every 10 years by the National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board to help guide healthy individuals and to help in planning various national nutrition programs for infant feeding and school nutrition. The RDA levels are normally set above the threshold needed to prevent deficiency diseases, but in some cases the levels are below those some experts would like to see for the prevention of disease. In fact, in 1980, the guidelines were not issued due to a philosophical difference of opinion among the expert members of the group as to whether the RDA should be raised to encourage intake of Vitamin A-rich (carotenoid) and Vitamin C-rich foods, such as fruits and vegetables. The controversy was finally settled with the issuance of the 1989 guidelines that reverted to the original aim of averting nutritional deficiency states through public policy recommendations.

Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies
The fat-soluble Vitamins A, D, E and K have separate functions. Vitamins A and D are closely related to steroid hormones and act to induce the synthesis of specific proteins and to maintain normal cellular function. Rare deficiencies of Vitamin A cause night blindness and susceptibility to mumps infection. Deficiencies of Vitamin D cause a bony disease called rickets, and suboptimal intakes of Vitamin D have been related to various forms of cancer. Vitamin E includes a family of eight compounds found in plant cell walls where they act as antioxidants. Vitamin E deficiency does not occur in humans, but this family has interesting functions in the body beyond antioxidation. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin. The “K” is derived from the German word “koagulation.” Coagulation refers to blood clotting, because Vitamin K is essential for the functioning of several proteins involved in blood clotting.

Water-Soluble Vitamins
Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, which can be stored after a single administration for long periods of time, water-soluble vitamins need to be supplied in foods and supplements on a regular basis to avoid deficiency. Industrialized societies have few cases of water-soluble vitamin deficiency, except in homeless or alcoholic individuals. The recent increase in obesity surgeries, which lead to malabsorption of Vitamin B12 by bypassing the stomach, have led to a new group of individuals at risk of vitamin deficiencies. Strict vegans, individuals with food intolerances, and raw food enthusiasts can also develop vitamin deficiencies if their choices of foods are narrowed significantly.

Pineapple

The pineapple is a fruit native to the Asian tropics, with a delicate and fresh fragrance that's simply irresistible! The top of the fruit resembles a royal crown or as some would say the feathers of the mythical Phoenix bird and the flesh is golden like the skin of the Asian pear. In Taiwanese the pronunciation of the word pineapple sounds like a propitious blessing of good fortune and future prosperity.

It is a popular custom to decorate one's home or office with symbols resembling the lucky and auspicious pineapple to ensure that all of one's efforts will be blessed and all of one's goals will come to fruition. The pineapple has been referred to in traditional culture as the best gift for a house warming party and upon the opening of a new business or to wish one's favorite political candidate success at the election boxes.  

 

The pineapple was introduced to Taiwan long ago and during the 19th century had become a common fruit throughout the island. After the end of Japanese domination in Taiwan, the government engaged in aggressive promotion of pineapple cultivation and within a decade the region around Chiayi County had become a key producer of a hardy melting pot variety of cross-bred pineapples. Since the pineapple enjoys high temperatures and has excellent drought resistant properties and locations where the temperature differentiates throughout the year and during the day are most ideal for pineapple propagation. Spring are ideally conducive to the natural climactic demands of the pineapple for the environment and weather.

A wide variety of pineapples have been developed including the atemoya ice-cream-tree pineapple, winter honey pineapple, ice cream pineapple, fragrant apple pineapple, perfume pineapple and etc.

Pineapples do not have the advantage of long-term storage, so for export purposes it is usually harvested early to prevent deterioration in quality during shipment. Taiwan pineapples are exported mainly to the Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore and Canadian.